Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than might be expected.
The country is in search of a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from the citizens and often required them to join the army or take part in projects of the government, like building fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the period. 에볼루션 무료체험 expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves paved with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built from single large stones are common in the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the immense cost of the old system would prefer the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system want to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 was attended by a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in universities and churches across the country.
A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to school children and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have created the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.